Visual and Formal Analysis of A Pair of Ear Flares Essay

Visual and Formal Analysis of A Pair of Ear Flares - Essay Example What ideas does it raise? The image also raises the idea of movement which refers to how a viewer’s eye is guided through an artwork based on areas of emphasis (Jewitt and Leeuwen, 40). Contrasting colors or shapes, as well as the use of lines, directs movement in a piece of art. In our work of art (a Pair of Ear flare), our eye navigates through the pattern starting from the frontal which is a level round metal base that has relief figures on the exterior. Our eye then moves to different colors and textures of the Ear flare. What emotions it provokes and the size of space needed for display The image emphasizes on mythologies and ritual performances (Jewitt and Leeuwen, 40). It provokes cruelty in the sense of the use of birds for ritual sacrifices. Messengers were also subjected to hard labor. The Pair of Ear flares does not need to be displayed in a wide open space since it is large to notice from far. It is large in size for an Ear ornament, but it does not necessarily mea n that it requires being displayed in a large space. The lighting required, and position to be viewed from The color at the background is dull, and it thus makes the Ear flare stand out as it has an outer gold color that captures the viewer’s attention (Jewitt and Leeuwen, 50). It does not require bright, high contrast lighting since it already has a combination of bright colors. The pair of Ear flares welcomes you to view it up-close because they are not large enough to enable a viewer to be able to concentrate on details. Where is the artifact meant for display? The artifact was meant to be on display in a museum. The artist has used hammered gold, shell, sodality, and turquoise as the main elements in the design of the Pair of Ear flares. The main reason for using these media is to make the art piece standout especially from the use of gold and turquoise. Advantages Gold brings out a sense of high value because it is a symbol of prestige and wealth. It is also bold hence m aking the Ear flare standout. Hammered gold is strong and does not weather out or break. Turquoise was associated with bringing a good fortune and happiness to the wearer of the ornament. Shells help enhance the beauty of the artifact. Limitations The use of gold makes the Pair of Ear flare expensive to purchase especially for those individuals that are not wealthy. The use of gold makes it a target for theft. Shells make it prone to damage since they are brittle. Turquoise is damaged by household chemicals and also hot water, which makes the task of taking care of the element difficult. Lines Lines have been used to define edges on the pair of Ear flare, where some of those lines are linear while others are curvilinear in character which has resulted in plane spaces and negative spaces. A plane surface in a triangular shape is formed by the connection of the points. Lines have been used to describe dissimilar forms, levels in the spaces and movement region in the general design (Je witt and Leeuwen, 100). There is the use of both thick and thin lines in the image of ear flares. They are largely vertical in nature. There is a combination of both straight and curved lines the image of a pair of era flares. This gives the Image a solid look. The aspect of color The color used is particularly attractive and rich. The colors used on the pair of ear flares are lively; the use a combination of green, white, red, gold and purple colors makes the ear flares look outstanding.  

Role of Technology in Citizens' Social and Economic Development Coursework

Role of Technology in Citizens' Social and Economic Development - Coursework Example Many voluntary organizations have initiated numerous technological projects in rural areas to help improve the living standards of those in rural areas. The result is an increased penetration of technology in these areas. Technology has made tremendous impacts among the rural population, making work easier and improving living standards in many fronts, and despite the deterioration of societal values associated with it, it should be promoted.The penetration of technology in rural areas has come as good news to many rural dwellers. The positive aspects of this penetration are evident. The most conspicuous aspect is the increase in production. Clearly, economies, which have embraced technology, have registered improved productivity. For instance, in the agricultural sector, the use of modern farming techniques and tools has significantly improved the level of output. As opposed to traditional farming practices such as the use of simple tools like hoes, use of tractors, fertilizers, and irrigation have had a tremendous impact on food production, almost assuring food security despite the high population in the society. In offices, automation has played a pivotal role in increased yields (Raj, 2005). Previous manual operations, which consumed a lot of time, have been automated. The emergence of ATMs in the banking sector has allowed clients to transact easily and within less time.Additionally, technology has incorporated rural areas in the global village. Through globalization, the world has become â€Å"one big village† where information is passed and shared almost instantly. Technological inventions continue to reduce the distance between people. The use of emails, social sites such as Facebook and Twitter, phones, tablets, and fax has allowed people to keep in touch as if they are in the same geographical location. News spread faster because of technology. Ideally, it is honest to say that one can make a trip to the entire globe from a remote village withi n seconds courtesy of technology.

Fuzzy Logic Based Smart Solar Power MPPT

Fuzzy Logic Based Smart Solar Power MPPT Design and Optimization of a Fuzzy Logic Based Smart Solar Power Maximum Power Point Tracker A. KocabaÃ…Å ¸ and H.Ä °. OkumuÃ…Å ¸ Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon/Turkey Abstract- As the issue of efficiency is one of the most important fundamentals of solar power generation, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) systems have an important duty in solar power management systems in solar power generation. This paper includes study of the design and improvement of fuzzy logic based solar power MPPT, and the methodology to achieve the best system performance. MPPT system was evaluated at the DC-DC power converters ability of impedance conversion point of view and cooperation of fuzzy logic theory. The parameters of fuzzy inference system are optimized to obtain the fastest and accurate system responses. The performance of the proposed fuzzy logic based MPPT under various operating conditions compared and improvement of this performance is dealt with. The fuzzy logic MPPT function realized using a buck-boost power converter. Computer simulations practiced and simulation results also represented. Keywords- Maximum Power Point Tracking, Fuzzy Logic Control, Solar Power Generation. Solar power is one of the most harmless and cleanest, plentiful supply of energy in the world. It is unfailing and like to be our fundamental supply of power in future [1]-[2]. Solar power has already used widely for industrial, commercial, residential and military applications. Performance of solar power generation by photovoltaic (PV) cells depends on the environmental conditions such as insolation, sunlight tilt, load variations, airmass and cell temperature [10]. Power converter units should be associated with the PV cells and the load to control the power flow from the PV cells to the load. PV systems use MPPT systems to maximize power output, by the ability of continually arranging the duty ratio increment command of the switching device in the power converter unit. Algorithms used in MPPT systems maximize power extractions of PV cells by controlling the duty ratio of the power converter with the changing PV cell output variable combinations like changes in power versus changes in voltage etc. MPPT algorithms such as perturb and observe, incremental conductance have been evaluated until now. [3]. Unchanging step size for the control signal, increment of the duty ratio command, used in these methods. Too small steps sizes cause slow tracking process and too large step sizes cause oscillations around the maximum power point (MPP). To perform automatically adjusting step sizes, variable step sizing algorithms such as fuzzy logic has been developed [4]-[7]. Specification of fuzzy logic controllers is made according to their skill of simulating human thinking. Different than conventional controllers, fuzzy controllers have the ability to experimental methods and their results to design variable step sizes of control signals without the need of understanding the systems mathematical model [9]. Effectiveness of the MPPT algorithm is directly related with the input and the output variables that are selected for the system. In general for output variable, duty ratio of the power switch selected. As input variables; power (P) versus voltage (V) slope and changes of the slope, P-V slope and variation of power, variation of power and variation of voltage, sum of conductance and increment of conductance would be selected [8]. In this paper as inputs of the controller variation of power and variation of voltage, as an out put duty ratio of the power switch selected. Sunpower SPR-305E-WHT-D (One series module and one parallel strings) PV panel used for simulations in this paper. The characteristics of the PV panel at 25  °C and at various irradiation levels are shown in Figure 1. The characteristics of the PV panel at 1000 W/m2 and at various temperature levels are shown in Figure 2. To make the analysis simple, we have worked on resistive load. Figure 3 illustrates the circuitry of PV panel and resistive load, and current (I)-voltage (V) characteristics with an irradiation 1000 W/m2 and temperature of 25  °C. The intersection of the I-V characteristic curve (blue) of the PV panel and load I-V curve (red) is the operating point of the system. From this figure it can be observed that the operating point changes with the change of the load value. The maximum power point (MPP) can be achieved through proper selection of the load. Maximum power may be extracted from the PV array by incorporating an intelligent mechanism altering the load resistan ce of the PV array. Power converters are usually used to achieve this purpose. Figure 1. The characteristics of the PV panel at 25  °C and at various irradiation levels. Figure 2. The characteristics of the PV panel at 1000 W/m2 and at various temperature levels. Figure 3. PV system with resistive load Figure 4 shows the block diagram of the investigated MPPT system. The system includes a PV panel, a buck-boost power converter and a fuzzy logic based MPPT controller. The function of controlling power flow from source to the load is carried out by the zeta type buck-boost converter as shown in Figure 5. The values of converter circuit elements are Lin = 11  µH, L1 = 378  µH, CIN = C1 = 1000  µF and CPV = 680  µF. The pulse width modulation (PWM) switching frequency was set to 200 kHz. Internal resistances were ignored to obtain (1) on the converters input and output voltage equation in steady state: (1) If we assume that converter operates lossless with a resistive load RL, the value of the power obtained from this PV system would be: (2) It is demonstrated additionally, in Figure 5, that P-V curves at miscellaneous irradiation levels according (2) and miscellaneous duty ratio commands with the ohmic load 3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. The intersections show the operating points of PV system. In this study fuzzy theory is used to design the MPPT controller. Required fuzzy input variables are generated by fuzzy MPPT controllers by reading voltage and current signals obtained from the PV panel. The fuzzy input variables would then can be used to calculate the increment of the duty ratio command for adjusting operating point of the PV panel in order to maximize the power extraction. In Figure 6 the flowchart of the calculation process illustrated. Designs of fuzzy controllers are varies according to the input variables selected. As mentioned before in this paper as input variables, variation of power and variation of voltage of the PV array selected. Figure 4. Solar MPPT system. Figure 5. Power converter and PV power characteristics. Figure 6. Flowchart of calculation process. A. Fuzzy MPPT Tracking Algorithm In this study fuzzy logic MPPT system used variations of PV cell power output (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PPV) and variations of voltage (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  VPV) as the fuzzy input variables. By using MATLAB Simulink proposed solar power maximum power point tracking system implemented and universe of discourse (UOC) of input and output membership functions determined. After determination of UOD membership functions, they are grouped with the names negative big, negative small, zero, positive small, positive big (NB, NS, ZE, PS, PB). Fuzzy rules database is shown in Figure 7. Iterations made by moving on the P-V slopes specified regions as shown in the figure 7. Figure 7. Fuzzy rules for algorithm using à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PPV and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  VPV as the inputs. First of all symmetric membership functions used in the simulations as shown in Figure 9 and then asymmetrical membership functions used as shown in Figure 10. The performance difference compared then. For fuzzification; Mamdani method and for defuzzification; centre of gravity method used in this study. Fuzzy interface system evaluated by using MATLAB Simulink fuzzy logic toolbox. Figure 8. Fuzzy controller s surface of rule base. Figure 9. (a) Membership function for à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PPV (b) Membership function for à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  VPV (c) Membership function for increment of duty ratio command. Figure 10. Asymmetrical input membership functions (a) Membership function for à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  PPV (b) Membership function for à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  VPV (c) Membership function for increment of duty ratio command. Purposed MPPT system is simulated by using different types of membership functions for comparison and validation. MATLAB/Simulink model block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11. MATLAB/Simulink model block diagram of the system By using membership functions shown in Figure 9 the simulation results obtained as shown in Figure 12 and by using membership functions shown in Figure 10 the simulation results obtained as shown in Figure 13. Figure 12. Simulation results (symmetrical membership functions used) Figure 13. Simulation results (asymmetrical membership functions used) As shown in figures above when symmetrical membership functions used the fuzzy controlling system was unable to respond quickly to the rapid changes of irradiation so that fitting time of output power curve was longer and this is a disadvantage of the controlling system that is undesired. Beside at low irradiance levels MPPT controller couldnt produce accurate control signals and PV panels operating point was different than the maximum power point. The performance difference of the designed system when two types of membership functions used respectively can be seen more clearly from Figure 14. Figure 14. Output power of PV panel. Here we can see the disadvantages of using symmetrical membership functions. To overcome this problem and improve the system response speed to the changes of irradiation then asymmetrical membership functions has developed. Another benefit of developed system is that, at low irradiation levels precision of MPPT is more higher. In this paper a fuzzy logic based solar maximum power point tracking system was designed and different types of membership functions were used to optimize system power generation performance. To achieve the goal of higher precision and fastest system responses to the changes of irradiation levels different types of membership functions of inputs of fuzzy inference system were researched and compared with each other. It was revealed that using asymmetrical membership functions in the fuzzy logic controller had improved system performance at all operating conditions. From the results of simulations it can be inferred that the system performance is directly related with the optimization of the membership functions of fuzzy inference system. This study also leads to the study of the designing methodology of optimization of asymmetrical membership functions for better system performance. References [1] International Energy Agency. Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy, IEA Publications: Paris, France, 2014. [2] K. Tomabechi, Energy Resources in the Future. Energies 2010, pp. 686-695 [3]N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, M. Vitellio, Optimization of Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking Method. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2005, pp. 963-973. [4]T. Yong, B. Xia, Z. Xu, W. Sun, Modified Asymmetrical Variable Step Size Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Photovoltaic Systems. J. Power Electron. 2014, pp. 156-164. [5]C.S. Chin, P. Neelakantan, H.P. Yoong, K.T.K. Teo, Optimisation of Fuzzy Based Maximum Power Point Tracking in PV System for Rapidly Changing Solar Irradiance. Trans. Sol. Energy Plan. 2011, pp. 130-137 [6]T. Radjai, P.J. Gaubert, L. Rahmani, The new FLC-Variable Incremental Conductance MPPT Direct Control Method Using Cuk Converter. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (IEIE), Istanbul, 2014, pp. 2508-2513. [7]R. Rahmani, M. Seyedmahmoudian, S. Mekhilef, R. Yusof, Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller for Photovoltaic System. 2013, pp.209-218. [8]J-K. Shiau, Y-C. Wei, B-C. C, A Study on the Fuzzy Logic Based Solar Power MPPT Algorithms Using Different Fuzzy Input Variables. ISSN 1999-4893, 2015. [9]T.J. Ross, Fuzzy Logic With Engineering Applications, vol 2, pp. 1-652. [10]R. Hernanz, C. Martin, Z. Belver, L. Leseka, Z. Guerrero, P. Perez, Modelling of Photovoltaic Module., International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, 2010.

Owning a business Essay -- essays research papers

OWNING YOUR OWN BUSINESS WITH EMPHASIS ON CHILD CARE CENTERS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   INTRODUCTION This paper will discuss ways in order for you to become a business owner as well as how to start your own child care center. Owning a business is not an easy job. There is actually a very complicated and long process to become a small business owner. Before you start to think about what you want to do, you need to ask yourself if you will be committed to this venture. If you are then proceed on with your business however, if you are not then owning a business is probably not for you. With owning your own business, your going to have less personal time then you had previously. Here are some reasons people become entrepreneurs. Many people have a strong desire to be independent, they would rather be their own boss because they don’t take orders from others well. Owning a business is also a chance for owners to work at something they enjoy, they aren’t shoved behind a desk doing filing work for eight hours a day. You are free to operate at your own paces with your own busi ness. Depending on the type of business you own, you have a great opportunity to accumulate great wealth. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this report is to inform readers of the options available to people who want to own their own business. There is also a growing need for child care. So with this need more and more people are deciding to open up child care centers. In this report I will lay out steps in how to start your own business, and what to do from there. Also, pros and cons to owning your own business. Sources and Methods In order to give the information needed to start your own business, I have searched many journals as well as business related books. Internet sources have also help get information. I have also conducted an interview with an owner of a child care center. GETTING STARTED Choosing what kind of business to open is the most important decision to make. Just because you like to make bracelets doesn’t mean you would like running a business making bracelets. You need to think about how much money you want to make, past experiences, attitudes on the business you choose, and your going to need a knowledge and some skills with the choice you make. Pros and Cons With everything else in life there can be advantages and disadvantages to owning a business. There are many... ...a business to run, consider child care. Child care is a growing need. More mothers are going back to work after having children. The children need structure during the hours their parents are away. Those who are too young for school can find a childcare center warm and inviting. Most childcare centers will provide a curriculum that will help your children learn. The people who open and run daycare centers are doing so for a reason. That reason is because they love children. So in conclusion, if your job is going nowhere and you need to start over, consider starting your own business. Also if you like kids and can deal with them properly, consider opening a childcare center. Works Sited Burstiner, Irving. â€Å"The Small Business Handbook.† Third Edition. FIRESIDE Rockefeller Center. New York, NY 1997 Gallagher, Patricia. C. â€Å"Start Your Own Child Care Business† Second Edition. Young Sparrow Press, Worcester, PA 2000 McKeever, Mike. â€Å"How to Write a Business Plan† Sixth Edition. September 2002. WWW.Startingadaycarecenter.com â€Å"Starting a Day Care Center† 2003 WWW.Onlinewbc.gov â€Å"Online Women’s Business Center† 2004 WWW.SBA.gov â€Å"Owning Your Own Business (Pros and Cons)† 2003

The Battle of Hampton Roads

The Battle of Hampton Roads had caused an unprecedented disaster to the United States Navy until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. With the events following the battle, traditional naval war had been forever changed. Ironclad battleships had, for the first time, been used in a naval battle and the people involved had found its place in American history.As the Union found it necessary for a blockade of the main ports to weaken the Confederate economy and win the war with as little bloodshed as possible, the Confederate had to find a way to prevent Union domination of the coastlines.Both the Union and Confederate forces had found themselves in the middle of a naval arms race at the earlier stage of the American Civil War. Although the Union naval supremacy would not be complete until four years later, this naval arms race would be decided at that momentous battle on March 9, 1862, through the face-off between the Confederate's Virginia and the Union's Monitor. Beginnings of Civil Wa r The tension between North and South states on the question whether to allow new states for the expansion of the Union to be slave or free states caused the beginning of the Civil War.After winning the independence, America sought to expand their nation. The issue was a manifestation of the conflict over the future direction of national development: â€Å"Would America move toward a free-labor capitalist economy and a democratic policy in all regions, or would a slave-labor plantation economy and a heirarchical society persists in half of the country? † When Abraham Lincoln won the election in 1860, he pledged to keep slavery out of the new territories towards the ultimate extinction of slavery everywhere in the United States.This naturally worried the South states and caused them to secede and formed a new nation they called the Confederate States of America. The Lincoln administration and the North states, on the other hand, refused to recognize the legitimacy of the seces sion as it would discredit the idea of a majority-rule democracy. Both the North and South were willing to fight despite the risks of casualties of war. Both â€Å"considered the very survival of their respective nations and societies to be at stake.† In his second inaugural address, Abraham Lincoln explained the beginning of the civil war: â€Å"All dreaded it—all sought to avert it. Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came. † The Naval Conflict Before Hampton Roads Lincoln's first order for the Navy was to set a blockade of the southern coasts. This was an adoptation of Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan, to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible.The blockade served to disable South's economy. Controlling the Mississippi River would also effectively split the Southern states in two. The difficulty, however, rests on the amount of the Union's warships: they had only fewer than 90 at that time and there were about 3,500 miles of southern coastlines. The North had to purchase shipping vessels, strengthened their decks, loaded them with guns, and sent them to serve on the blockade. Note that the North did not need a cutting-edge technology or sophisticated warships to serve in the blockade.They did not have to worry about keeping the Confederate fleet confined in their ports for the Confederacy had none to begin with. The blockade ended international shipments to and from the Confederacy which caused shortages in food and other goods for the South and ruined their economy. Futhermore, the North had been increasing the size of their fleet through the purchases they made which the Confederacy had no hope of matching. They had relied on commerce raiding through the acquisition of raiding vessels that destroyed more than 150 Union merchant ship.But the Union Navy would get its way by targeting coastal fortificat ions. This prompted the confederacy to find a way of supplementing coastal forts with a few ships that could stand up to a whole fleet of Union battleships and prevent them from dominating the coastlines. For the remainder of the war, the navy would be used to gain advantage to the opposing side. The war itself has had made its mark in history, and th battles that were fought within it. One such battles would be in Hampton Roads, a battle that was described in Craig Symonds' book, Decision at Sea: Five Naval Battles that Shaped American History.The Confederate Plan: The CSS Virginia Confederate navy secretary Stephen R. Mallory hoped to supplement the coastal forts by acquiring a few ships whose defensive characteristics were such that they could stand up to a whole squadron of conventional Union warships. He wrote to his wife: â€Å"Knowing that the Union could build one hundred ships to one of our own, my policy has been to make such ships so strong and invulnerable as would comp ensate for the inequality of numbers.† Angus Konstam explained that Mallory â€Å"realized that it was almost impossible for his Navy to break the Union blockade by conventional means, so he adopted a more radical approach, placing his faith in ironclads and rifled ordnance. † Mallory has urged the Confederate Congress to authorize the construction of an ironclad warship as early as May 1861. He wrote: â€Å"I regard the possession of an iron-armored warship, as a matter of first neccessity. Such a vessel at this time could traverse the entire coast of the United States, prevent all blockades, and encounter, with fair prospect of success, their entire navy.† The Confederacy's lach of technology to create such a vessel caused a difficulty for Mallory's plan to succeed. He, however, sought a way to fulfill this and found the Merrimac. It was a steam frigate with a partially burned hull left and was raised from the bottom of the Elizabeth River. Mallory's plan was t o build an iron casemate atop the wooden frame of the Merrimac. It was Lieutenant John Mercer Brooke who urged Mallory the construction of an iron-plated warship and submitted to him an initial design.Mallory wanted technical advise for the feasibility of the concept and sought the opinion of Naval Constructor John L. Porter, who happened to have a design of his own similar to Brooke's. Mid-July found the reconstruction of Merrimac into the first operational ironclad. â€Å"Porter supervised the refit as carpenters cut away the charred timbers and began to erect a frame for the casemate. Williamson focused on repairing the cranky engines. Brooke designed the rifled guns that would make up the ship's armament, and he took charge of procuring the iron plate that would constitute its armor shield.† The confederacy renamed it the CSS Virginia. Symonds explained that â€Å"officially the Virginia was rated as a ‘ram. ‘ A fifteen-hundred-pound cast iron prow had been b olted onto the ship's bow just below the waterline, and though it potruded only a few feet from from the ship's stem, it made the ship itself, as well as its guns, a potentially lethal weapon. † To command Virginia, Mallory chose Captain Franklin Buchanan. Buchanan had been a naval officer most of his life, have served in the US Navy for fifty years prior to Hampton Roads.Mallory had chosen him because he believed that Buchanan had the perfect combination of realism and boldness. He had hoped for great things to the experimental vessel and expected Buchanan to sieze the initiative, of which he was not failed. The Union Plan: The USS Monitor The Confederate's plan to build an ironclad battleship was no secret to the Union. News of the rebel activity reached Union's Navy Secretary General Gideon Welles. Southern newspaper also kept Welles up to date on the progress of Merrimac's reconstruction. He decided that the Union needed to construct a counter-weapon.The Congress approved an appropriation of $1. 5 million to construct three experimental ironclad warships and created the Ironclad Board. Welles and Mallory began a â€Å"naval arms race for the control of a strategically critical body of water. † Cornelius Bushnell presented a design of a â€Å"more or less conventional frigate with iron plating. † The Ironclad Board, however, were skeptical such that Bushnell sought the opinion of â€Å"the nation's most gifted maritime engineer. † Instead, John Ericsson showed Bushnell a floating battery that he himself designed.Bushnell reported to Welles that â€Å"the country was safe because I had found a battery which would make us master of the situation as far as the ocean was concerned. † A few months later, the Union ironclad battleship construction was underway. They dubbed it the USS Monitor. The key feature of this ironclad battleship was that it had a novel revolving turret with two high-calibered guns. It was the entire ship's armament, but since the turrets could revolve, the guns could be pointed in any direction independent of the ship's orientation. The Battle of Hampton Roads: March 8, 1862Union Navy at Newport News Point found themselves being approached by what naval soldiers called the â€Å"thing† on the morning of March 8, 1962. The Confederate ironclad Virginia had â€Å"crept menacingly out of the Elizabeth River† to test its potential against the Union battleships. Its approach was not defined with stealth. Indeed, it run only with a speed of five knots in plain view and Union blockade could have easily avoided battle had they wanted to. The Virginia announced its coming with a black smoke emerging from its single stack. Unlike conventional battleships, it had no masts and no sails of any kind.A Union officer described its approach with â€Å"the water hisses and boils with indignation as like some huge slimy reptile she slowly emerges from her loathsome lair. † Symonds noted that â€Å"to most of the hundreds of observers watching from the shoreline, this smoke-belching, iron-plated ‘thing' was neither vessel nor creature but a machine: a giant, self-propelled, armored engine of war. † The Union Navy prepared for an impending battle. Symonds explains that â€Å"whatever the soldiers felt internally, outwardly they displayed confidence and grim determination.† Even men on the Virginia felt the same, for most of the crew would only have combat in a ship for the first time. Eugenius Jack, a third assistant engineer aboard Virginia wrote in his memoirs which spoke a general feeling of men in combat: â€Å"there are few men who do not feel some symptoms of fear when going into battle; pride has kept many a man's face to the foe, when his heart would turn it away. † The Union had two major battleships: The USS Cumberland and the USS Congress. These battleships mounted a total of seventy guns, as compared to the Virginia's ten. Buchanan had the Virginia approach directly at Cumberland, intending to ram his vessel into the enemy battleship. Cumberland had two ten-inch pivot guns which Buchanan feared would be able to penetrate his vessel's iron shield. During the Virginia's lengthy transit, the Cumberland was able to fire several shots at it, while the Virginia was only able to return fire from one bow seven-inch rifle. The Battle of Hampton Roads on the morning of March 8, 1962 marked not only the battle between an ironclad and wooden battleships, but of men on ships and men in a ship.Men inside the Virginia could only imagine what was really happening outside. Jack described the events that followed: â€Å"the suspense was awful†¦ the dull reports of the enemy artillery, and an occasional crack and tremor of the ship told that we had been struck†¦ [I heard] the sharp reports of our own guns†¦ [then] there came a tremor throughout the ship and I was nearly thrown from the coal bucket upon w hich I was sitting†¦ The cracking and breaking of her timbers told full well how fatal to her that collision was. †The Confederate ironclad Virginia had collided with the Union battleship Cumberland with such a force that men on both ships were knocked off their feet and caused a gaping hole at the side of Cumberland. A junior officer aboard Cumberland noted: â€Å"he once clean and beautiful deck was slippery with blood, blackened with powder and looked like a slaughter house. † Despite the damage, men in Cumberland continued to fire shots at Virginia while the ship was literally sinking. The crew on Virginia, on the other hand, had little time to celebrate yet.Symonds explained that â€Å"for a few anxious moments it seemed likely that the Cumberland would take her assassin down with her. The Virginia's ram had plunged so deeply into the Cumberland that, although Buchanan had immediately ordered all astern, the ironclad remained embedded in the side of its sinki ng victim. † Virginia was alarmingly tilted forward. It was saved when the current of James River swung its stern slowly to starboard, and with the â€Å"resulting torque on the ships ram caused a section of it to break off†, allowing it to â€Å"extricate itself from its mortally wounded foe.† One hundred twenty-one of the 376 aboard the Cumberland has been killed outright from the fatal attack. The river current had pushed Virginia downstream, and crewmen aboard the other battleship, Congress, thought that the Virginia was fleeing. Much to their dismay, Buchanan was not yet done. â€Å"His goal was to destroy the entire Federal squadron,† as Symonds explained. He managed to turn his ship back to reenter Hampton Roads after forty minutes of hard manuevering and steadied for a course directly towards the Congress.Having witnessed the destruction of Cumberland, men aboard the Congress no longer doubted the seriousness of the threat and saw no hope of standi ng up against the rebel ironclad. The captain, Lieutenant Joseph Smith, Jr. , ordered to raise the anchor and steered the ship into shoal water where Virginia could not follow and was safe from ramming. Virginia, however, had still guns to use. It pounded heavily on the Congress until it was â€Å"so utterly wrecked† to render it useless and caused them to surrender. The surrender of USS Congress should have not posed a problem had the traditional naval warfare been observed.Buchanan ordered lieutenant William H. Parker aboard the gunship Beaufort to accept the surrender and burn the ship, of course, after letting the surviving crew escape and harboring the wounded, but when Parker complied, soldiers on shore began firing at them. Symonds explained that army troops were not â€Å"inpressed by the traditions of the sea. † Brigadier General Joseph K. Mansfield growled â€Å"I know the d—-d ship has surrenderred,†¦ but we haven't,† when a Federal lieute nant tried to stop him from firing at Beaufort. With Buchanan's urging, Bob Minor volunteered to take the remaining boat aboard Virginia to burn the surrendered ship.To make sure there was no misunderstanding, Minor raised the white flag of truce, but no sooner was he under way when the army at the shore began firing at him. Enraged, Buchanan ordered to reopen fire on the already disabled and helpless Congress. Symonds wrote that â€Å"the Virginia fired three deliberate rounds of ‘hot shot' into the grounded hull of the Congress† which caused the sun-baked hull to kindle fire. â€Å"Soon the Congress was burning briskly, the flames running up its rigging and lighting up the roadstead, and at last the firing ceased, though the Congress continued to burn through the twilight and into the evening,† Symonds continued.A total of 120 of the ship's 434 had died that day. Symonds explains that â€Å"each side felt the fury of violated honor† to the events that fo llowed the surrender of the USS Congress. He wrote: â€Å"To the Confederates, the Yankees were the guilty party, since they had fired on a white flag while officers attempted to take possession of a lawful prize. To the Federals, the Confederates were at fault, since they now opened fire on a grounded vessel full of helpless men, a vessel that was flying not only one but two white flags of surrender.This was where the time-honored traditions of the Age of Sail collided with the realities of total war in a mechanized age. For the rest of the war, and for decades afterward, each side would point an accusing finger at the other to charge that in Hampton Roads on March 8, 1862, the traditional rules of naval warfare—indeed the very ideals of chivalry and humanity—were sacrificed to a new template of modern war; a mechanized war wihout rules, without restraint, without mercy, and without honor. † The Virginia exchanged long-ranged shots with the USS Minnesota after dealing with the Congress.Although there were still a few hours of daylight left and there were three more Union warship in the roadstead, it had already been a long day and the crew was exhausted. Buchanan agreed for a break and ordered the Virginia to be anchored at Sewall's Point, â€Å"from which point it could renew the attack the next day. † The Battle of Hampton Roads: March 9, 1862 The next morning revealed the devastation caused by Virginia's rampage in Newport. It resumed its attack, this time targetting Minnesota. At this time, the Monitor, which arrived shortly after the battle the previous day, now made her appearance.William Swinton wrote that â€Å"it was a moment of anxiety on the little craft, for there had been no time for drilling the men†¦ † It engaged the Virginia with exchanges of shots, both of which proved to be futile as both ships appeared undamaged and unfazed from the firing. The Confederate Military History records that â€Å"after so me time, the Merrimac succeeded in ramming the Monitor, but her prow had been broken off in ramming the Cumberland the day before, and she did no harm. † To the surprise of the crew of Virginia, the Monitor run off into shoal water where they could not follow.Having consumed most of its coals, Virginia was forced to retreat. To compare, â€Å"the Confederate ironclad carried more guns than the Union Monitor, but it was slow, clumsy, and prone to engine trouble. The Union prototype†¦ was the faster and more manueverable ironclad but it lacked the Rebel vessel's brutish size and power. † Neither ironclad caused serious damage to the other and the battle ended without a decisive victory to either side. However, the timely appearance of the Monitor prevented the Virginia from attacking more of the Union's wooden battleships and destry the blockade. ConclusionAlthough the Battle of Hampton Roads ended without a decisive conclusion, it marked a new age of naval warfare. Neither ironclads seriously damaged the other, but for the Union, it was a success because it prevented the Confederate to break the blockade. Having seen the potential of their prototype, the Union made several copies of the Monitor to win the war altogether. Symonds put it: â€Å"in a contest where weapons of war required the application of industrial productivity, the Union states had an overwhelming advantage over their southern counterparts. † Bibliography â€Å"Battle of Hampton Roads. † Available from http://www. civilwarhome.com/CMHHampton%20Roads. htm. Internet; accessed 29, July 2008. Catton, Bruce and James M. McPherson, The Civil War. Mariner Books, 2004. â€Å"Hampton Roads: Battle of the Ironclad. † Available from http://www. civilwarhome. com/ironclad. htm; Internet; accessed 29, July 2008. Konstam, Angus and Adam Hook. Hampton Roads 1862: Clash of the Ironclads; Osprey Publishing, 2002. Lincoln, Abraham. â€Å"Second Inaugural Address† Swi nton, William. The Twelve Decisive Battles of the War. Dick & Fitzgerald, 1867. Symonds, Craig L. Decision at Sea: Five Naval Battles that Shaped American History. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2005.

Should Girls Ask Guys Out

Yeah its ok why wouldnt it. Alot of girls ask out guys the only thing thats big thing for guys is guys suppose to propose first to a girl for marrige but other then that its whoever. It is absolutely ok! I know girls who have asked their current boyfriends out and it was no big deal. To be honest, some guys would actually prefer the girl to ask (especially shy guys). Traditionally guys do ask girls out, however in recent times gender roles have changed dramatically. If this guy says no to you and thinks its weird for you to ask him out then he must not have much respect for women anyways.Why date a guy like that? So just go for it! What do you have to lose? Yes but I'd make sure he likes you first. Actually some guys prefer for girls tO make the first move!! OF COURSE!! Why should it be any different for a girl to ask a guy out than a guy? Just because of american society it is â€Å"proper† for the guy to ask the girl out. That is stupid. If you like him why not? He may be th e one that you let go because of your ego of i am a girl i can't do this. I think this is one of the stupidest things in the world. If you like someone you go after them.You don't let them slip through your fingers. And as a guy feeling threatened that is stupid. Sometimes guy's are just to shy you know? I mean come on why do the guy's really have to do ALL the work? don't let him slip by you There is nothing wrong with a girl asking a guy out. Guys are always the ones putting themselves on the line and asking the girl. U can do it to. The worst that could happen is that he says no. sorry im not a girl but i believe i can help you. A majority of the time a girl is NOT going to ask you out.I used to be a guy that went around and waited for girls to ask me out because i was too scared of being shot down. So you pretty much gotta go for it. Not to scare you but not every single girl is gonna say yes. you will be turned down, however you will also be with more girls if you take the chan ce too. It is very worth the trouble. As for how to know if a girl likes you, its hard to say. Girls are good at hiding their feelings. You can tell by very subtle signs. If you notice them stareing into your eyes alot and see their eyes slightly relaxed this may be a sign. If when you are alone and you otice her getting closer and closer to you this is a good sign. Yeap.. girls ask guys out. Sometimes the guys are too shy themselves and we must take matters into our own hands!†¦ Look at it this way.. if you don't ask.. you already have your answer.. NO†¦. but if you DO ask.. at least you have a shot at getting a YES†¦ Not agree: Don't ask him out, you'll seem a little on the pathetic side. No offense. How do you know he likes you? Did you hear it from someone or him? If you did hear it from someone, you can joke around with How to Make a Man Fall in Love with YouIt’s easy to attract a guy and make him like you. The hard part is knowing how to make a man fall i n love with you. You don’t have to change yourself or pretend to be dumb just to make a man you like feel comfortable around you. If you really want to make a man fall in love with you, you need to understand men and their ways, and use it to your advantage. How to make a man fall in love Use these ten tips and you’ll see how easy it can be to connect with a man and make him desire you. And what’s the best part? Well, you really don’t need to change a thing about yourself! 1 Dress attractively Men are visual, and women know this better than anything else. When you’re out with the man you like, dress your best. If you see him grinning widely or taking discreet glances at your attire, you know you’ve hit the nail. But dressing attractively doesn’t just stop working its magic there. If he sees other men staring at you or admiring you, it’ll only make him desire you more. Men are extremely competitive when it comes to wooing women. Win the attention of other men in the room, and the man you like will do anything to get more attention from you.And of course, he’ll realize how lucky he is to be with you. [Read:  What guys always notice on a date] #2 Be pleasant and smile often Men can’t ever resist a cute smile. And if you can be pleasant and warm when you’re with him, he’ll love you for it. If you want to know how to make a man fall in love with you, tuck your hair behind your ear as you answer an awkward question, blush a bit when you’re being complimentary, and laugh at his jokes even if you’ve heard it before. If a guy is attracted to you, he’d obviously want to impress you with his funny, heroic tales.By reassuring him that you’re having a nice flirty time, you’d make him feel better about himself. And a man always love a woman who can make him feel like a better man! [Read:  How to talk to a guy and make him like you] #3 Don’t be ru de Men are completely put off by rude or arrogant women. If you can be rude to your date or even a waiter, he wouldn’t be able to help but wonder if it’s only the tip of the rude iceberg. Men definitely love a woman who can take a stand, but if it’s in the form of arrogance, he’d stay a mile away from falling in love. 4 Connect with him intellectually Flirty conversations are sweet and cute, and the man you like will love the fact that he’s able to make you blush and go pink. But all flirting and no seriousness can get boring after a while. On your dates together, try and connect with him intellectually now and then. Speak to him about his career goals, his ambitions and aspirations, and let him see that he can actually have a meaningful life-altering conversation with you. [Read:  Questions to ask on a date] #5 Work your eye contactIt’s been seen that romantic eye contact can actually make two people fall in love with each other in no tim e. The next time you’re having a conversation with him, stare deeply into his eyes as he talks to you. You can smile or flirt, but every time your eyes meet, let the eye contact linger even if both of you aren’t exchanging words. It makes the guy feel warm and fuzzy, and would definitely stir his heart. #6 Lingering soft touches If there’s ever a way of knowing how to make a man fall in love with you and be a flirty tease at the same time, this is it.Men can’t resist a lingering woman’s touch. The next time you’re with him, be it clasping palms, hugging each other goodbye, or just crossing the street, let your touch linger softly for a moment longer than necessary. Your touch would be incredibly exciting for the man you like, and you’ll spark a romantic chemistry in no time. [Read:  How to flirt with a guy] Want to take this up a notch? Wear soft or satiny fabric when you go out on a date with the guy you like. He would have a hard time keeping his hands off you! #7 Don’t be easily availableThis is tricky, but it’s definitely a great way to make a man fall in love with you. When you’re in love with someone, you obviously want to be with that person and spend more time with them. But when you can’t be with the person you like, you end up missing the person a lot more. Once you know the guy likes you a lot too, try to skip an occasional date now and then. While it’s important to spend a lot of time together until the guy falls in love with you, it’s equally important to give some space now and then to make sure he understands how special you are, and how much he really needs you. 8 Show off your talents If you want to know how to make a man fall in love with you, learn to surprise him with your talent. He may like you for the person you are, but to completely make him fall for you, you have to let him know that you’re a bundle of happy surprises, waiting to be exp lored. [Read:  What to wear on a first date] Show off your talent and awe him with the things you do, be it at a karaoke bar or while dancing or even while karting or playing the piano. Give him a chance to see your talent and admire you for the awesome person you are. 9 Don’t always agree with him Compatibility is of great essence in a happy relationship. But you don’t always have to accept what the guy says or do what he wants to do. Sometimes, a minor disagreement can take him off guard, but it’ll make him respect your opinions a lot more. Remember, a man likes to flirt with a fun girl and have a serious conversation with an intellectual girl. Give him the best of both worlds, and seriously, how can he not fall in love with you?! #10 Don’t let him know you’ve fallen for him Men love the chase of a good romance.They take time to fall in love, but when they do, men fall hard in love. To understand how to make a man fall in love with you, you nee d to know the stages of love for men. [Read:  How men fall in love] Let the guy you like know that you like him a lot, but never let him know that you’ve fallen head over heels for him. Always make him wonder about how serious you are, and let him be the first one to make the move into a serious relationship. The longer the chase, the more he would want you. But at the same time, push him away too often, and he’ll give up on the chase.Play hard to get, and yet, warm up to him often. [Read:  How to ask a guy out the classy way] You really don’t have to change a thing about who you are to figure out how to make a man fall in love with you. All you need is patience, a pinch of panache, and the perfect balance of affection and playing hard to get. [Read:  How to make him want you] These ten tips on how to make a man fall in love with you can definitely help you work your magic and make the guy you like fall for you, just as long as you read the signs and make the right move.